{"id":6861,"date":"2021-09-03T06:45:57","date_gmt":"2021-09-03T06:45:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/?p=6861"},"modified":"2021-09-03T06:45:57","modified_gmt":"2021-09-03T06:45:57","slug":"adsorption-purification-method","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/adsorption-purification-method\/","title":{"rendered":"Metode Pemurnian dengan Adsorpsi"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Mekanisme metode pemurnian adsorpsi adalah dengan membuat logam cair paduan aluminium bersentuhan langsung dengan N\u2082, Cl\u2082, dan gas-gas lainnya, serta adsorben, agen pemurnian, dan media lainnya, sehingga gas-gas dan inklusi oksida padat akan berinteraksi dengan media-media tersebut, guna menghilangkan gas dan inklusi dari logam cair.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6862\" src=\"https:\/\/aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg\" alt=\"Metode Pemurnian dengan Adsorpsi\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Metode pemurnian adsorpsi pada dasarnya mencakup tiga cara: metode peniupan, metode filtrasi, dan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/flux-refining\/\">pemurnian fluks<\/a> metode.<\/p>\n<p>Metode peniupan dimulai pada tahun 1970-an dan merupakan proses pemurnian lelehan aluminium dengan efek penghilangan hidrogen yang sangat jelas. Prinsip dasarnya adalah: mengalirkan gas inert seperti nitrogen dan argon ke dalam lelehan paduan aluminium, sehingga menyebabkan terbentuknya gelembung dalam jumlah besar di dalam lelehan paduan aluminium tersebut, sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan tekanan hidrogen pada antarmuka antara gelembung gas inert dan larutan paduan aluminium, yang memaksa hidrogen dalam cairan tersebut untuk terus berdifusi ke dalam gelembung gas inert dan dibawa keluar dari permukaan cairan bersama dengan gelembung gas inert tersebut guna mencapai tujuan penghilangan hidrogen.<\/p>\n<p>Sejumlah besar hasil penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa inklusi dan udara saling bergantung, dan inklusi tersebut dihilangkan bersamaan dengan penghilangan udara. Sejumlah besar hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa metode ini tidak hanya menghilangkan hidrogen dalam cairan logam, tetapi juga membantu menghilangkan inklusi dalam paduan aluminium. Dapat dilihat bahwa metode ini memiliki efek yang baik dalam pemurnian cairan logam. Seiring dengan perkembangan pesat teknologi penghilangan hidrogen, peralatan pemurnian dengan penghilangan gas secara online telah muncul, dan efek penghilangan hidrogen dari proses ini sangat jelas.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6630\" src=\"https:\/\/aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Rotary-Degassing-Method.jpg\" alt=\"Metode Penghilangan Gas dengan Rotari\" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Rotary-Degassing-Method.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Rotary-Degassing-Method-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Metode penyaringan ini menggunakan bahan netral atau bahan aktif dari produsen untuk menyaring dan memisahkan partikel padat yang terkandung dalam logam cair paduan aluminium yang mengalir, guna mewujudkan proses pemurnian logam cair aluminium.<br \/>\nBahan filter yang digunakan terutama terdiri dari kain kaca, bola korundum, dan keramik busa. Di antara ketiganya, metode filtrasi dengan kain kaca memiliki kemampuan adaptasi yang tinggi, pengoperasian yang sederhana dan praktis, serta biaya yang rendah, namun efektivitas filtrasinya tidak stabil. Metode filtrasi dengan keramik busa memiliki keunggulan berupa pengoperasian yang praktis dan efektivitas yang baik.<\/p>\n<p>Prinsip metode pemurnian dengan fluks adalah dengan menambahkan fluks ke dalam lelehan paduan aluminium untuk memicu serangkaian efek fisik dan kimia guna mencapai tujuan penghilangan gas dan penghilangan pengotor. Karena adsorpsi dan pelarutan inklusi teroksidasi dalam logam cair paduan aluminium serta interaksi kimia di antara keduanya menentukan efektivitas penghilangan pengotor oleh fluks, hal ini dapat dengan mudah meningkatkan biaya peleburan dan kemungkinan masuknya pengotor akibat faktor manusia. Seiring dengan pesatnya perkembangan teknologi pemurnian logam cair paduan aluminium, bahan fluks pemrosesan logam cair yang lebih canggih, seperti fluks granular, telah bermunculan satu demi satu, yang dapat secara signifikan meningkatkan efektivitas penghilangan hidrogen.<\/p>\n<p>Metode pemurnian melalui adsorpsi cairan telah diterapkan dalam proses pengecoran langsung dan penggulungan aluminium elektrolitik cair, dan proses pemurnian cairan tersebut telah digunakan dalam produksi paduan aluminium di dalam dan luar negeri hingga batas tertentu.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The mechanism of adsorption purification method is that the aluminum alloy melt is in direct contact with N2, Cl2 and other gases, adsorbents and refining agents and other media, so that the gases and solid oxide inclusions will interact with these media, so as to remove the gas and inclusions in the melt. The adsorption [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6862,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[86],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6861","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Adsorption Purification Method for Molten Aluminum<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The adsorption purification method mainly includes three methods: blowing method, filtration method and flux refining method.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/adsorption-purification-method\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Adsorption Purification Method for Molten Aluminum\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The adsorption purification method mainly includes three methods: blowing method, filtration method and flux refining method.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/adsorption-purification-method\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Tap Out Cone,Refining Flux,Ceramic Foam Filter,Aluminum Cast Materials\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-09-03T06:45:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"adtechnew\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Ditulis oleh\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"adtechnew\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimasi waktu membaca\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 menit\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"adtechnew\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dca5cd1ef02977f5c9bcd0b96d2d64b6\"},\"headline\":\"Adsorption Purification Method\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-09-03T06:45:57+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":502,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Blog\"],\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/\",\"name\":\"Adsorption Purification Method for Molten Aluminum\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-09-03T06:45:57+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dca5cd1ef02977f5c9bcd0b96d2d64b6\"},\"description\":\"The adsorption purification method mainly includes three methods: blowing method, filtration method and flux refining method.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg\",\"width\":500,\"height\":400,\"caption\":\"Adsorption Purification Method\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/tr\\\/adsorption-purification-method\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Adsorption Purification Method\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"Tap Out Cone,Refining Flux,Ceramic Foam Filter,Aluminum Cast Materials\",\"description\":\"One-Stop Shopping\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"id\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/dca5cd1ef02977f5c9bcd0b96d2d64b6\",\"name\":\"adtechnew\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"id\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/260cf9357f35fc676d5fc89811dc976b08eee83dda7e1da206a3c58afae13e29?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/260cf9357f35fc676d5fc89811dc976b08eee83dda7e1da206a3c58afae13e29?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/260cf9357f35fc676d5fc89811dc976b08eee83dda7e1da206a3c58afae13e29?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"adtechnew\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/aluminiumceramicfiber.com\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Metode Pemurnian dengan Adsorpsi untuk Aluminium Cair","description":"Metode pemurnian adsorpsi pada dasarnya mencakup tiga metode: metode peniupan, metode filtrasi, dan metode pemurnian aliran.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/adsorption-purification-method\/","og_locale":"id_ID","og_type":"article","og_title":"Adsorption Purification Method for Molten Aluminum","og_description":"The adsorption purification method mainly includes three methods: blowing method, filtration method and flux refining method.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/adsorption-purification-method\/","og_site_name":"Tap Out Cone,Refining Flux,Ceramic Foam Filter,Aluminum Cast Materials","article_published_time":"2021-09-03T06:45:57+00:00","og_image":[{"width":500,"height":400,"url":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"adtechnew","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Ditulis oleh":"adtechnew","Estimasi waktu membaca":"2 menit"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/"},"author":{"name":"adtechnew","@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/#\/schema\/person\/dca5cd1ef02977f5c9bcd0b96d2d64b6"},"headline":"Adsorption Purification Method","datePublished":"2021-09-03T06:45:57+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/"},"wordCount":502,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg","articleSection":["Blog"],"inLanguage":"id","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/","url":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/","name":"Metode Pemurnian dengan Adsorpsi untuk Aluminium Cair","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg","datePublished":"2021-09-03T06:45:57+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/#\/schema\/person\/dca5cd1ef02977f5c9bcd0b96d2d64b6"},"description":"Metode pemurnian adsorpsi pada dasarnya mencakup tiga metode: metode peniupan, metode filtrasi, dan metode pemurnian aliran.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"id","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"id","@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Adsorption-Purification-Method.jpg","width":500,"height":400,"caption":"Adsorption Purification Method"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/tr\/adsorption-purification-method\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Adsorption Purification Method"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/","name":"Kerucut Tap Out, Fluks Pemurnian, Filter Busa Keramik, Bahan Cor Aluminium","description":"Belanja Serba Ada","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"id"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/#\/schema\/person\/dca5cd1ef02977f5c9bcd0b96d2d64b6","name":"adtechbaru","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"id","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/260cf9357f35fc676d5fc89811dc976b08eee83dda7e1da206a3c58afae13e29?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/260cf9357f35fc676d5fc89811dc976b08eee83dda7e1da206a3c58afae13e29?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/260cf9357f35fc676d5fc89811dc976b08eee83dda7e1da206a3c58afae13e29?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"adtechnew"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/aluminiumceramicfiber.com"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6861","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6861"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6861\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6863,"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6861\/revisions\/6863"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6861"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6861"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aluminiumceramicfiber.com\/id\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}